RESPIRATORY DISORDER ( asthma, bronchitis , emphysema, lung cancer ,pneumonia)

 Respiratory Disorder

• There are number of Respiratory Disorder which affect people.
• The percentage of such disorders is particularly High in pakistan.
• It is due to the More concentration of air pollutants not only in the urban but also in the rural atmosphere.

Write down the Respiratory Disorders at least 5?

• Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Pneumonia
• Asthma
• Lung cancer

 What is bronchii and give its smptoms, causes and types of bronchitis?

Bronchitis

• It is an inflammation of the bronchi or bronchioles

Cause

• Excessive secretions of mucus into the tubes, leading to the swelling of tubular walls and narrowing of tubes.
• It is caused by the Viruses, bacteria or exposure to chemical irritant

(e.g. tobacco smoke)

Types

• There are major two types of bronchitis

Acute

• The acute Bronchitis usually lasts about two weeks and patients recover with no permanent damage to The Bronchiii or Bronchioles.

Chronic Bronchitis

• The chronic Bronchitis develop chronic inflammation.
• It usually last for three months to two years
• Most of people diagnosed with chronic Bronchitis are 45 years of age or older 

Symptoms

Symptoms of Bronchitis include:

• Cough
• Mid wheezing
• Fever
• Chills
• Shortness of breath ( especially when doing hard job)

Describe Emphysema?

• Emphysema is the destruction of the walls of  the alveoli
• It results in the larger sacs but with less surface area for Gaseous exchange.
• As Lung tissue breaks down, the lungs do not come back to their original shape after exhalation.
• So, air cannot be pushed out and is trapped in the lungs

Symptoms

The symptoms of Emphysema include 

• shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Recurrent
• Respiratory infections
• Weight loss 

The level of oxygen in blood may get so low that it causes serious complications

By the time, the symptoms of Emphysema appear the patient has usually lost 50% to 70% of his/her lung tissues

Write a detailed note on pneumonia?

• Pneumonia is an infections of lung.
• If This infection affect both lungs then, it is called double pneumonia. 
• When the causative organisms enter the alveoli, they settle there and grow in number.
• They break the lung tissues and the area becomes filled with fluid and pus

Symptoms:

Symptoms of pneumonia include:

• Cold that is followed by a High fever
• Shivering
• Cough with sputum production
• Patient may become short of breath
• The patient skin colour may change and become dusky or purplish
• It is due to poor oxygenation of blood.

Causes

• The most common cause of pneumonia is a bacterium streptococcus pneumonia.
• Some viral( influenza virus) and fungal infections may also lead to pneumonia.

Prevention

• Vaccines are available to prevent pneumonia caused by S.pneumonia 
• Antibiotics are used in the treatment of this type of pneumonia.
• Prior to the discovery of the antibiotics, one- third of pneumonia patients died from the infection.

What do you know about Asthma?

• Asthma is a form of allergy, in which there is inflammation of the bronchii, more mucous production and narrowing of the air ways .
• In asmtha patient, The bronchi ad Bronchioles become sensitive to different allergens ( allergy causing factor) e.g. dust, smoke , perfume, pollens e. t.c
• When exposed to any of such allergens, the sensitive airways show immediate and excessive response of constriction.
• In this condition, the patient feels difficulty in breathing
• Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths and is responsible for more than 1.3 million deaths world wide annually.

Symptoms

• The symptoms of asthma varies from person to person. The major symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath ( especially with exertion or at night)
• Wheezing ( whistling sound when breathing out)
• Cough and the chest tightness

Treatment:

• The chemicals with the ability to dilate the bronchii and Bronchioles are used in the treatment of Asthma.
• Such medicine are given in the form of inhaler.w

What is Lung cancer? Diccuss the symptom, causes and treatment for Lung cancer?

• Lung cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell division in the tissue of the lung. The cells continue to divide without any control and form of tumours.
• The cellular Growth may also invade adjacent tissue beyond the lungs.

Symptoms

• Shortness of breath
• Coughing ( include coughing up blood)
• Weight loss

                     Causes of Lung cancer. 

• Carcinogens ( such as those in cigarettes smoke)
• Ionizing radiation
• Viral infection
• Smoking
• The risk of lung cancer is significantly lower in the non-smoker 
• Cigarettes smoke contains over 50 known carcinogens

Passive smoking

• Passive smoking ( the inhalation of smoke from another's smoke) is also a cause of lung cancer
• The smoke from the burning end of a cigarette is more dangerous than the smoke from the filter end

      Prevention for Lung cancer

• Eliminating tobacco smoking is primary goal in the prevention of Lung cancer
• The world Health Organization has called the Governments to stop tobacco advertising to prevent Young people from taking up smoking.
• If a person stops smoking, The chance to develop cancer decreases as the damage to The lungs is repaired and contaminant particles are gradually removed.